A tribute to Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas al-Zahrawi

Throughout Muslim world, the year 2013 was observed as 1000th year of al-Zahrawi’s death. In India also a three-day International Conference and exhibition on ‘Revisiting Abul Qasim Al-Zahrawi's Legacy in Medicine and Surgery’ was organized on December 13-15, 2013 at India Islamic Cultural Centre, New Delhi. It was jointly organized by The Institute of Objective Studies, in collaboration with MESCO and Maulana Azad Education Foundation, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. It was sponsored by India Islamic Cultural Centre and others. The organizers also proposed the establishment of an al-Zahrawi museum in India to display editions of most of his works and replicas of his surgical tools, large facsimile editions of his drawings and other memorabilia. These types of conferences need to be organized regularly so the present day Muslim youth should become aware and get inspired of their scientific legacy.

Abū Al-Qāsim was, born in 936 CE in the city El-Zahra, six miles northwest of Qartaba in  Al-Andalus or Spain. Al Zahrawi was an Arab Muslim physician and surgeon who  was a court physician to the Andalusian caliph Al-Hakam II. He was a contemporary of Andalusian chemists such as Ibn al-Wafid, Maslamah Ibn Ahmad al-Majriti. He devoted his entire life and genius to the advancement of medicine as a whole and surgery in particular. Abū al-Qāsim specialized in curing disease by cauterization. He invented several devices used during surgery, for purposes such as inspection of the interior of the urethra, applying and removing foreign bodies from the throat, inspection of the ear, etc. He is also credited to be the first to describe ectopic pregnancy in 963 CE, in those days a fatal affliction.  He was the first physician to identify the hereditary nature of haemophilia. Al-Zahrawi was the first to illustrate the various cannulae and the first to treat a wart with an iron tube and caustic metal as a boring instrument. He was also the first to draw hooks with a double tip for use in surgery. He introduced over 200 surgical instruments.  Abū al-Qāsim also invented the forceps for extracting a dead fetus. In pharmacy and pharmacology, Abū al-Qāsim al-Zahrawī pioneered the preparation of medicines by sublimation and distillation. 

Many consider al Zahrawi as father of modern surgery. Al-Zehrawi  made original and enduring contributions to medicine, surgery, orthopaedics, gynaecology and orthopaedics, pharmacology, dentistry and cosmetology. Highly sophisticated surgical instruments of today are sometimes merely a new generation of the surgical instruments’ prototypes of al-Zahrawi. Diagnostic, clinical and surgical procedures established by al-Zahrawi are, even today, present in some measure or form in medical and surgical practice. His greatest contribution to medicine is the Kitab al-Tasrif  a thirty-section encyclopedia of medical practices. It was completed 13 years before his death in 1013 CE. It covered a broad range of medical topics, including dentistry and childbirth, which contained data that had accumulated during a career that spanned almost 50 years of training, teaching and practice. In it he also wrote of the importance of a positive doctor-patient relationship.  It was later translated into Latin  by Gerard of Cremona in the 12th century. A copy of Kitab al Tasrif is available in Khuda Bakhsh Oriental library of Patna.

Al-Zahrawi’s whole life is the finest example of service to humans and service to knowledge. Knowledge and skill are the foundations on which civilisations are built. The contribution of al-Zahrawi is recognised world-wide as immense. Throughout world, al-Zahrawi is regarded as another Hippocrates who came a millennium and a half later. Many countries have issued commemorative postage stamps in honour of his legacy.

International year of crystallography

Present year is being celebrated as International year of crystallography to commemorate the centennial of X-ray diffraction and the award of Nobel Prize to Laue and Bragg. It also marks the 400 th anniversary of Keplar's observation in 1611 of the symmetrical form of ice crystals. Many countries throughout world have released commemorative postage stamps and coins on this occasion. The commemorative postage stamp issued by India post (Fig 1) depicts a diamond crystal and the structure of curcumin, the active constituent of turmeric, as determined by X-ray crystallography. The diamond is known for its exceptional hardness and the flashes of light given off by its natural crystal structure. Curcumin is the compound responsible for the bright orange colour of turmeric. lt is known to exhibit biological, pharmaceutical and wide-ranging pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anti carcinogenic. The stamp was released on 30 January 2014, in the Indian Institute of Science.

The study of crystals inner structure and properties gives us our deepest insight into the arrangement of atoms in the solid state. In the early 20th century, it was realized that X-rays could be used to ‘see’ the structure of matter in a non-intrusive manner. This marks the dawn of modern crystallography. When X-rays hit an object, the object’s atoms scatter the beams. Scientists discovered that crystals, because of their regular arrangement of atoms, scattered the rays in just a few specific directions. By measuring these directions and the intensity of the scattered beams, scientists are able to produce a three-dimensional picture of the crystal’s atomic structure. Thanks to X-ray crystallography, scientists can study the chemical bonds which draw one atom to another. Graphite and diamonds are composed of carbon but have different crystalline structure hence exhibit different properties. Graphite is opaque and soft whereas diamond is transparent and hard.

Crystallographers discovered that they could study biological materials, such as proteins or DNA, by making crystals of them. This extended the scope of crystallography to biology and medicine. Crystallography is now a truly interdisciplinary field   encompassing Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Medicine, Engineering and Maths. Rosalind Franklin took X ray image of DNA fiber that proved instrumental to Watson and Krick’s Nobel prize discovery of the double helix. She also studied structure of Carbon in coal and graphite and TMV.

Two thousand years ago, Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder admired ‘the regularity of the six-sided prisms of rock crystals.’ At the time, the process of crystallizing sugar and salt was already known to the ancient Indian and Chinese civilizations. Cane sugar crystals were manufactured from sugar cane juice in India. In China, brine was boiled down into pure salt crystals. Modern crystallography started with an attempt by Kepler in 1611 to understand the formation of ice crystals in terms of compact packing of six units around a seventh one. In 1771 Hauy showed that the shapes of crystals could be obtained by an appropriate 3D packing of identical parallelopipeds. During the 19th century modern geometrical crystallography developed with formal mathematical descriptions of crystals based on symmetry. A

complete theoretical geometrical background had been developed by the time X-rays were discovered by Rontgen in 1895. In 1912, Laue and his co workers carried out a revolutionary experiment which

demonstrated how X-rays travelling into a crystal interact with it and diffracted in particular directions depending on the nature of crystals. Laue's experiment marks the birth of radio-crystallography. Next year father and son team of WH Bragg and WL Bragg related the directions and intensities of the diffracted beams to the atomic structure of the crystals. They showed that X-rays can be used to determine accurately the positions of atoms within a crystal and thus unravel its 3D structure. Synchrotrons  (sources of intense X ray) enable archaeologists to pinpoint the composition and age of artefacts dating back tens of thousands of years, for instance, and geologists to analyse and date meteorites and lunar rocks. Crystallography allows us to understand and fabricate computer memories, showing us how proteins are created in cells and helping us to design powerful new materials and drugs. The Curiosity rover used X-ray crystallography in October 2012 to analyse soil samples on the planet Mars. NASA had equipped the rover with a diffractometer. The results suggested that the Martian soil sample was similar to the weathered basaltic soils of Hawaiian volcanoes. Crystallography is used to control the quality of processed drugs, including antiviral drugs, at the stage of mass production, in order to ensure that strict health and safety guidelines are met. Cocoa butter, the most important ingredient of chocolate, crystallizes in six different forms but only one melts pleasantly in the mouth and has the surface sheen and crisp hardness that make it so tasty.

Fig. 1: Commemorative postage stamp issued by India post on International year of crystallography

REPORT on INSPIRE 2013, 21-25 Nov 2013

Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research (INSPIRE) is  a programme by the Department of Science and Technology for attraction of talent to study science and opt careers with research. The motivation behind INSPIRE is to enlarge the pool of scientific human power and foster research in the basic and applied sciences. The Scheme includes three sub-components viz.,  Scheme for Early Attraction of Talent (SEATS), Scholarship for Higher Education (SHE) and Assured Opportunity for Research Careers (AORC).  As one sub components of SEATS, Summer/winter camps for about 50,000 youth are being organised throughout India in which students  interact with global science leaders.  Summer/Winter Camps are organized for age group 16 – 17 years, Class XI students. NIT Srinagar has been regularly organizing Inspire science camps since March 2012.

The fourth Inspire Science camp was organized from 21-25 November 2013. Three hundred meritorious students from all over the valley of Kashmir participated in the camp. The inaugural session of the camp began with an introduction of the Institute by Prof. G A Hermain, Dean R&D and chairman Inspire Camp. The director NIT, Prof. Rajat Gupta elaborated on the genesis of Inspire programme. Prof. Gupta urged the young participants to undertake research in future on contemporary issues such as solar power, climate, environment, wildlife conservation, eradication  of epidemic  and diseases etc.  Many renowned scientists, academician hands on experts interacted with students during the camp. Prof N Vijayan of NPL, New Delhi talked about fascinations of crystallography. He deliberated on various methods of crystal growth, applications and device fabrication. He also displayed many beautiful crystals. Prof Fozia Qazi of Islamic University of Science and technology had a very interesting talk on ‘Thinking Outside the Four Dimensional Box’. The talk explained how some of the most fascinating and abstract questions of mathematics can be answered in creative ways by discovering patterns and using one's imagination. Prof Bashir Mir of NIT Srinagar deliberated on Role of Soil Science in engineering practice. Prof MA Sofi a distinguished mathematician of the valley deliberated on ‘Mathematics as the art of Explanation’. Prof GA Hermain, chairman INSPIRE deliberated on ‘Finite element method as tool of Engineering’. Dr Sameena Muzammil deliberated on Prospects in Biotechnology. Dr Mushtaq Chalkoo and Dr Rafiq Simanani deliberated on frontiers of surgical sciences. Dr Kowsar Majeed deliberated on conducting polymers. The members of Wildlife SOS had a very useful presentation on Human Bear conflict which is a very pertinent issue in Jammu and Kashmir. The organizer Dr M. A. Shah had a lively presentation on ‘Nano: The science of small’. There were interesting hands on session every day after tea break. Dr S. Rubab of Physics department had an interacting session on Comet ISON and night sky watching. Dr Vipula Abhayankar had sessions on daytime astronomy which generated enthusiasm among students as well as their teachers. The hands on sessions by Samar Bagchi, Dr BN Das and Minish Gulati were most enjoyable. Apart from lectures, the students of the camp  got a chance to visit various labs of NIT Srinagar.  They Participated in science quiz and essay competition.  An exhibition of posters on Comet ISON was organized by Dr Seemin Rubab. During valedictory the participants expressed their gratitude and satisfaction. 

Career in Science Journalism

 Science and Technology have become an inseparable part of our daily life; hence creation of scientific awareness has now become the need of hour.  The aim of science communication is to engage and inspire people of all ages with science, engineering and technology. One of the basic objectives of communicating science is to spread the message of importance of science and its application among the people.  Science communication attempts at generating scientific minded citizens. Science has contributed a great deal for human welfare. On issues ranging from environment, disease eradication,  space exploration, energy security, information highway to name a few, science and technology has immensely benefited mankind. Biotechnology is making a major impact on agriculture, health, environment, industry and pharmaceuticals. Communication at lower costs, with greater accessibility, is another product of science and technology. Science communication helps in inculcating scientific temper among school children. It gives them opportunity of learning and experiencing science in fun way by actual participation in various hands on activities. The daily application of science like the use of safe drinking water, recycling of grey water, taking balanced diet, knowledge to eradicate contagious disease, the know-how of various agricultural practices to increase crop production, the usefulness of biodiversity conservation, etc., should be disseminated to the future generation. The goal of science journalism is to develop scientific temper and environmental sensibilities in common people. A dissemination of scientific facts could be done by any journalist using Wikipedia and other resources. But shaping the mindset of layperson cannot be achieved without proper training.  The following training programmes are available in India for science journalists.

National Council for Science and Technology Communication offers a one week course on skill enhancement of promising science writers and three months course on use of mass media for science popularization. NCSTC and Indian Science Communication Society (ISCOS), Lucknow has jointly undertaken a program to train science communicators, writers, and journalists in presenting scientific information in educating and entertaining manner.  ISCOS offers a one year training program in Science  Journalism through Distance Education mode.

Devi Ahilya University, Indore offers two programs. M. Sc.  and PG Diploma in Science Communication.    They are also planning to start a doctoral program in Science Communication. PG Diploma in Science Communication is offered through Distance Education mode. This is a two semester course.

The Institute of Mass Communication in Science and Technology, Lucknow University, is also running a similar course – M. Sc Mass Communication in Science. It is also a two-year full-time regular programme funded by the NCSTC.

 Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University of Journalism and Communication, Bhopal has also started a one-year PG Diploma in Science and Technology Journalism.

 Madurai Kamraj University too offers an NCSTC-funded PG Diploma in Science Communication.

The National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR), CSIR, New Delhi organizes short-term science-writing training workshops.

Centre for Science Education and Communication Delhi University is involved in short term training and workshops related with science education and communication.

National Council of Science Museums (NCSM), an autonomous scientific and research organization under Ministry of Culture has also started a four semester M.S. course in Science Communication from 2005. NCSM’s MS course is meant for first class engineering graduates and science post graduates. Course contents include history and philosophy of science, mass communication, exhibit presentation and museum management. Course also includes the tools of Science Communication and writing scientific articles. The final content of the course is a dissertation. This program is conducted in joint collaboration of NCSM and BITS, Pilani on an off campus mode. The lectures and tutorials are held at NCSM, Kolkata.

                Career Prospect exists in mainstream media viz., Print (Newspapers, Periodicals, and House Journals), Broadcast media (Radio & Television) and organizations engaged in Science and Technology extension and outreach activities like NCSTC, NCSM, NISCAIR, HBCSE, Vigyanprasar and state councils of Science and Technology etc. Magzines like Down to earth, Teraagreen, science reporter, Hindu Survey on Environment specialize in science technology and environment. Science Journalists interested in making scientific documentary and CD can develop programme for Vigyan Prasar, National Geographic and Discovery etc. Training in science communication would also provide opportunities as curators of science museums. At present there are 27 science museums/centres under NCSM. There is proposal of setting district level science centres. Science centres along with Science and Technology Parks are great tool of informal education of masses. Large numbers of private sector companies and corporate houses are also setting up science museums and technology parks as part of their corporate social responsibility thereby increasing the demand of science communicators. 

Aur comet ISON bikhar gya!

Many a time teachers and students of science complain about lack of laboratory and learning resources. However night sky is a fantastic laboratory and teaching learning resource freely available to all of us. It is this laboratory which was used to a great extent by pioneers like Aryabhatta, Aristarchus, Hypatia,  Galileo, Caroline Herchel, Tyco Brahe, Johannes Kepler, Halley  and others. Many spectacular celestial events occur regularly which gives learners an opportunity to observe, enjoy and learn. Few recent magnificent astronomical events being the total solar eclipse of year 2009 and the transit of Venus of year 2012. Planetary Superconjunctions are rare astronomical events. Lunar and annular eclipses and super moon are other regular important celestial events to watch. However nothing can match the beauty of a comet. The arrival of the comet ISON into our horizon in late November this year provided us an exciting opportunity to gear towards involving children on a massive scale in a campaign to track the comet, and participate in the unravelling of its progression towards the Sun. Further, tracking the comet, which was visible in the early morning sky November 2013 onwards,  served to excite and inspire all curious beholder of nature. Comets are dirty snow ball made out of dust and ice. The word "comet" comes from the Greek word for "hair. Newton discovered that comets move in elliptical orbits around the Sun. He also thought that comets were members of the Solar System, just like planets, and that they could return over and over again. The appearance of comets became predictable after Halley, an English scientist correctly predicted the reappearance of the comet seen in 1683. Using the newly developed gravitational theory of Newton, he predicted that this comet would return in 1758. The comet indeed came as predicted and named as Halley’s comet. Comets come from two places: The Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud. Comets are the most primitive objects in the Solar System. Many scientists think that they have kept a record of the physical and chemical processes that occurred during the early stages of the evolution of our Sun and Solar System. A comet is an irregular body, assembled from millimetre sized dust grains coated heavily with ices. This is the nucleus of a comet. The most prominent ice is water ice, followed by carbon dioxide ice, ammonia ice and methane ice. The dust and the ices are so loosely held together that a comet has only the strength of a biscuit! Comets are named after the observers who spot them first and report to a central agency. If two observers spot them on the same night, it is named after both of them. Most comets are observed by amateur astronomers. Vainu Bappu discovered a comet in a routine photograph he was examining as a student. This comet was named Bappu - Newkirk – Whipple. About twenty comets are seen by telescopes every year. About 5 to 7 may be new ones while others have been seen before. Of the comets detected every year only 1 or 2 reach naked eye visibility. Comets are the oldest and least processed bodies orbiting the Sun and therefore constitute a unique source of knowledge about the birth and early evolution of our Solar System. Asteroids, comets and other cosmic debris have also had a fundamental impact on the development of planet Earth and the life on it, by bombarding it periodically. Comets colliding with the early Earth may have seeded our world with the chemicals necessary for life to begin. The icy nature of the comets almost certainly contributed to the quota of water that now exists in Earth’s oceans.

Comet ISON (C/2012 S1)  was discovered by Eastern European and Russian astronomers  on September 24, 2012 using the facilities of International Scientific Optical Network (ISON). Comet ISON  swung close by the Sun at the end of November and was expected to climb up the dawn sky in December. The comet  performed remarkably close Sun graze  at its perihelion on November 28th. It  flew less than one solar diameter past the Sun’s surface, with the dusty ice of its nucleus broiling violently. Astronomers tracking the “comet of the century” last night believed it had flown too close to the sun and had broken up. All the evidence suggests Ison's nucleus was torn apart in the close pass, in the same way that Comet Lovejoy was disrupted.Now it would not be visible by naked eye. Professional astronomers are trying to track the fragments with a telescope. Just before performing Sun graze it was observed by my friend Mr. Kulwant Singh an amateur astronomer from rural Punjab. I don’t know whether anybody was lucky in our state.

Comets will stay in the news, however. Next year, in October, Comet Siding Spring (C 2013 A1) will breeze past Mars at a distance of little more than 100,000km. Our spacecraft Mangal yaan will arrive at Mars one month before the comet's closest approach. And then in November, the European Space Agency's Rosetta mission will attempt to place a probe on the nucleus of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.

Report on Techvaganza the annual technical festival of NIT, Srinagar (22-26 Aug 2013)

Techvaganza is an annual national level Technical Festival of National Institute of Technology, Srinagar. The fest is an attempt to make students,  acquainted with the current and futuristic technologies. Techvaganza was inaugurated by the director NIT Prof Rajat Gupta. The guests of honour during inauguration were Prof Tej Pratap Singh, VC SKUAST and  Mr John Samuels, CPMG J&K Circle.  The festival include workshops, guest lectures, LAN gaming, technical quiz, release of inaugural issue of IIM (Indian Institute of metal) –NIT chapter journal , competitive events based on various branches of engineering, and social awareness programs. The main technical events were Robotrix, Botorace, Structrite, mad for CAD, metalomania, circuit bizz, traffic planning etc. Workshops were conducted on Aeromodelling, building design, scilab, linux and android etc. Dr Arvind Bharti from DRDO, DR UK Chaterjee and Er Pugazhenthy  delivered guest lectures. There were lot of fun and creativity events. There were social events like career counseling for secondary and higher secondary schools, panel discussion on women empowerment.

On 22 August the  Director NIT Prof Rajat Gupta inaugurated the Techvaganza 2013, with welcome speech at Aerotrix workshop where students were taught basic principles of aeromodelling and designing and fabrication of wings of biplanes. The Aerotrix workshop and the workshop ‘Civil simplified’ were conducted by IIT Kanpur alumni at very subsidized rate. It was the first of its kind workshop in North India.  In ANDROID workshop Data handelling and button handelling were taught. Basic hello world application was created. In Robotic workshop Basic robotics theory, assembly of parts of robots and writing basic programmes and flashing it on ROBOT were  taught. Tutorial on Phython  and LINUX were conducted.

During Techvaganza, student chapters of Institute of Metals(IIM)  and Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) were formed at NIT Srinagar. The inaugural issue of the journal of IIM student affiliate chapter was also released by the Director. Guest lectures were delivered by Dr. UK Chatterji  on metals, Er. L Pugazhenthy on careers in metallurgy, Mr. Manoranjan Ram  on IIM related to metals, Dr. Arvind Bharti on  overview of DRDO and about planning and management.

Many schools and colleges participated in the fest. Specially the students from SSM, IUST, KU, and Amar Singh college participated in large numbers.  Govt College Of Engg And Tech, Jammu, MIET, Jammu, MBS, Jammu, Sankethika Institute of Management and Technology, Vishakhapatnam, Lakshmi Narain college of technology, Bhopal, Kongu Engg college, Perundurai, UIET, Punjab, Punjab University were among the Institutions who came all the way to Kashmir valley to be a part of Techvaganza 2013.

Under social awareness program (Social Awareness and Youth) career counseling on exams like Olympiads and kvpy were discussed by Dr S. Rubab of NIT Srinagar. Mr Zahoor Akram project coordinator of directorate of lifelong  learning, KU discussed on skill development courses. Mr Sajad Mir of BHSS Nigeen discussed about Children Science Congress.  For career counseling, students from BHSS Batmaloo, BHSS Hazratbal, KV and St. Pauls School participated in large numbers. Under the aegis of SAY an awarenes program on Man Bear conflict was conducted on third day of the festival by Ms Alia Mir and Mr. Tahir Ghazanfar of SOS Wildlife a not for profit organization. Mr MA Tak, Wildlife conservator of Kashmir also graced the occasion. Mr Tahir Ghazanfar urged the NIT students to provide technical inputs to control Man Bear conflict. On final day of the festival a gender equity workshop was conducted by Dr S Rubab and Dr Kowser Majid of NIT Srinagar. Dr Suraya of Medical Unit NIT and Dr Rana Hashmi of KU also took part in panel discussion. Ms. Zarqa of NIT elaborated on the field work conducted by the volunteers of SAY to gather information on  gender issues in less privileged communities of the city.

Apart from various technical events, there were technical fun events including treasure hunt, LAN Gaming, photography, video journal, skulk rider, Rangoli, a minute to win it and many more.

State Bank Of India, the Tribune, Gulzar group of institutions, 92.7 big FM, Aircel, sci fi labs, Technophilia, Cadd centre, College khabar, Twenty19 and Honda were among the sponsors of the festival.

Most of the events were won by NIT students except few. In smack down (an event of robotics) and LAN Gaming UIET, Punjab won the 1^st prize. Sankethika Institute won in maglev (mechanical) and  arduous(robotics). Structurite and brick wall erection of civil gained a lot of attention both from students of valley and outside J&K. In paper and poster presentation,  1^st position was bagged by NIT sgr and second by students from Andhra Pradesh. The Director  and Dean, students welfare gave away the prizes to all the event winners during Valedictory session. The best part of the Techvaganza was that it has been conceived and managed by students. They were ably supported by coordinator Er. Mushtaq Rather and the other faculty members.

Report on Science popularization in Urdu through Print media

Vigyan Prasar is a national organization under the department of Science and technology, working for Science popularization.Under its “Reaching to un-reach programme", it was envisaged of bringing out popular science literature in Urdu. A national level seminar cum workshop for development of popular science literature in Urdu was organized at  Maulana Azad National Urdu University (MANUU) Hyderabad from 9  to 11 April 2013. The seminar cum workshop was inaugurated by Prof Shamim Jairajpuri the founding vice chancellor of MANUU. The current vice chancellor Mohammed Mian also addressed the gathering. The chief guest was Prof S. Irfan Habib of NUEPA, New Delhi. He deliberated on history of science writing in Urdu in India. For the first time an abstract booklet of popular science writing in Urdu titled as ‘Talkhis’ was published and released during inaugural session.

The registrar of Vigyan Prasar Dr TV Venkatsewaran deliberated on the need to develop easy to understand scientific literature in Urdu. He stressed that present time being the time of technology and knowledge so a large population cannot be denied the benefits of technology. If scientific thought is presented in mother tongue a large population is going to appreciate it and they will be encouraged to express their views. Dr Irfana Begum who was the organizer of this seminar cum workshop stressed that  popularization of science through Urdu medium is need of hour. To appreciate the beauty of science and to avail the fruits of technology is the right of every citizen irrespective of their mother tongue. She urged those scientists and writers whose mother tongue is Urdu but they prefer to write in English and Hindi to write in Urdu as well. Dr Khalid Mubashiruzzafar the co organizer of the program from the Department of Translation, MAANU stressed on the role of translation in developing popular scientific literature in Urdu. Dr Monika Kaul from Delhi University who has done her schooling from the Kashmir valley and knows Urdu, discussed on the challenges in developing scientific literature in Urdu and  their remedial measures. Dr Gauhar Raza an eminent scientist from NISCAIR, CSIR and a talented writer of Urdu talked about scientific temper. He differentiated between science and non science. The meta question which differentiates between the two actually begins with why and how. The questions beginning with why leads to religion, whereas the questions beginning with how leads to science and scientific temper.

About forty participants presented their papers on following theme  (i) Content development (ii) Reach and circulation (iii) Inculcating reading habit and (iv) Sharing experiences. I presented my paper on astrolabe which was an effort in developing popular science content in Urdu. The other notable papers were on health by Dr Abid Moiz, Science in Urdu newspapers by Asad Faisal Faruqi, Historical perspective of scientific writing in Urdu by Dr Mohammed Junaid Zakir.  During second day, a workshop on writing popular science article in Urdu was conducted. Students of School of languages, linguistics and Indology of MANUU also participated in the workshop. Dr TV Venkateswaran of Vigyan Prasar,  Dr Gauhar Raza of NISCAIR, Dr Monika Kaul of Delhi University and Dr Seemin Rubab of NIT Srinagar acted as resource persons and shared their skills and tips with participants. The participants were then taken to the library to get resource materials and write a popular science article and submit it for evaluation. The articles were evaluated by me and all the participants received critical comments and tips on improving their writing skills on the third day. The valedictory session was chaired by Professor Mohammed Zafaruddin,  the dean of School of languages, linguistics & Indology and HOD department of translation. He emphasized on the need of regularly having similar kind of workshop. He assured the cooperation and role of department of translation  in developing popular science literature in Urdu. The department is offering a very innovative masters program in Translation studies. After valedictory session the participants were taken to Charminar, Makkah Masjid and Salar Jung Museum.